鲁顺琦,晁生武

压力性损伤作为老年住院患者常见且严重的并发症之一，不仅延长患者住院时间、增加医疗成本，还会降低患者生活质量，甚至引发感染、败血症等严重后果，给患者、家庭及社会带来沉重负担。据统计，老年住院患者压力性损伤发生率高达10%-30%，因此，构建科学精准的风险评估模型至关重要。目前，临床常用的Braden量表、Norton量表等传统评估工具，虽在压力性损伤风险评估中发挥一定作用，但存在特异性不足、对老年患者生理病理特点考量不充分等问题，难以满足老年住院患者个性化评估需求。近年来，国内外学者积极探索新的评估模型构建方法，通过结合机器学习、大数据分析等技术，纳入营养状况、皮肤含水量、移动能力、合并症数量等关键变量，试图提高评估模型的准确性与预测能力。本文系统梳理老年住院患者压力性损伤风险评估模型构建与验证的相关研究，分析现有模型的优势与不足，总结模型构建的关键要素与验证方法，以期为临床开发更精准、实用的风险评估工具提供参考，助力提升老年住院患者压力性损伤的预防与管理水平。

老年住院患者；压力性损伤；风险评估模型；模型构建；模型验证

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